![]() No attention to linguistic universals Broca's Area the area in front of the frontal region of the left cerebral hemisphere named for Paul Broca, who first located it and proposed its connection with language Bronislaw Malinowski following his research of culture and language in the Trobriand Islands, Malinowski argued that translation meant more than just substituting words from one language for words in another language instead, one must understand the context- the social and cultural situation- in which the words are being used in order to understand what is being said (p 116) Charles Hockett provides clarity to the debate by listing and defining the features by which human language could be identified and distinguished from the more general category of animal communication there were thirteen features, all of which are contained in every human language four of these features are strictly unique to human language and may explain how human language developed (p 233) Design Features of Language Charles Hockett features include vocal-auditory channel, broadcast transmission and directional reception, rapid fading, interchangeability, total feedback, specialization, semanticity, arbitrariness, discreteness, displacement, productivity, traditional transmission, duality of patterning (p 233) Codeswitching using more than one variety of language in a single situation or sometimes different situations Cognates sets of words in related languages that can be shown to have descended from a common ancestral language cognates have similar meanings, and they show regular sound correspondences Cognitive Anthropology an anthropological approach in which vocabulary is analyzed to learn about systems of meaning and perception (same as ethnoscience, ethnosemantics) Cognitivist Theories applied to language learning, theories that suggest that children develop language simultaneously with their mental abilities Communication the sending of signals or the sending and receiving of signals or the sending and receiving of signals and the evoking of a response Communicative Competence the ability to speak a language well the ability to use a language correctly in a variety of situations Conklin, Harold through his now-classic study of Hanunoo color terms in the Philippines, he discovered that there is a close link between primary color terms and cultural emphasis different terminological system for colors reflects a different view of the world (p 29) Creoles a complete language that has emerged out of pidgin Cultural relativity the idea that differences exist among cultural systems, that different cultural systems can make as much sense as your own, and that is possible to learn to understand different cultural systems Culture shared beliefs and values of group Dell Hymes developed an effective fieldwork methodology, the ethnography of speaking, for studying language in its social and cultural contexts this method was designed to be an ethnography that focused on describing and analyzing the ways that people use language in real situations (p122). ![]() ![]() Bloomfield 1887-1949 American structural linguistics founder and leader of Descriptive Linguistics focused on the task of describing previously unwritten American languages.
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